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The history of socialism has its origins in the French Revolution of 1789 and the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed 'scientific socialism'. In the last third of the 19th century in Europe social democratic parties arose in Europe drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the world's first elected socialist party when the party won the 1899 Queensland state election. In the first half of the twentieth century, the Soviet Union and the Communist parties of the Third International around the world mainly came to represent socialism in terms of the Soviet model of economic development, the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production, although other trends condemned what they saw as the lack of democracy. In the UK Herbert Morrison said "Socialism is what the Labour government does", whereas Aneurin Bevan argued that socialism requires that the "main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction", with an economic plan and workers' democracy.〔Bevan, Aneurin, ''In Place of Fear'', p50, p126-8. MacGibbon and Kee, (1961).〕 Some argued that capitalism had been abolished.〔Anthony Crossland stated: "to the question 'Is this still capitalism?' I would answer 'No'." In ''The Future of Socialism'' p46. Constable (2006)〕 Socialist governments established the 'mixed economy' with partial nationalisations and social welfare. By 1968, the prolonged Vietnam War (1959–1975), gave rise to the New Left, socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and social democracy. Anarcho-syndicalists and some elements of the New Left and others favored decentralized collective ownership in the form of cooperatives or workers' councils. At the turn of the 21st century, in Latin America, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez championed what he termed 'Socialism of the 21st Century', which included a policy of nationalisation of national assets such as oil, anti-imperialism, and termed himself a Trotskyist supporting 'permanent revolution'.〔() Chavez accelerates on path to socialism, BBC news, 10 January 2007 accessed July 8, 2007〕 ==Origins of socialism== Some of the verses of the Bible which inspired the communal arrangements of the Anabaptist Hutterites are Acts 2, verses 44 and 45: Acts 4, verse 32: and Acts 4, verses 34 and 35: In Britain Thomas Paine proposed a detailed plan to tax property owners to pay for the needs of the poor in ''Agrarian Justice'' 〔Paine, Thomas (2004). Common sense () Agrarian justice. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101890-9. pp. 92–3.〕 while Charles Hall wrote ''The Effects of Civilization on the People in European States'' denouncing capitalism effects on the poor of his time Chartism "formed the first organized labour movement in Europe, gathering significant numbers around the People’s Charter of 1838, which demanded the extension of suffrage to all male adults. Prominent leaders in the movement also called for a more equitable distribution of income and better living conditions for the working classes. The very first trade unions and consumers’ cooperative societies also emerged in the hinterland of the Chartist movement, as a way of bolstering the fight for these demands."〔Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg and Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy''. Pallgrave-Macmillan. 2013. pg. 20〕 By 1842 socialism "had become the topic of a major academic analysis by a German scholar, Lorenz von Stein, in his Socialism and Social Movement.〔George Thomas Kurian (ed). ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science'' CQ Press. Washington D.c. 2011. Pgs. 1555〕 According to an 1888 volume of ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles'', the word ''socialism'' was coined on 13 February 1832 in ''Le Globe'', a liberal French newspaper of Pierre Leroux.〔(A new English dictionary on historical principles (vol 9, pt 1), founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, Edited with the assistance of many scholars and men of science ) See Volume 9, Part 1 of ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles'', page 358, entry "Socialism," 1888, Clarendon Press, Oxford〕 The term "socialism" was further described in 1834 by Leroux〔Leroux called socialism "the doctrine which would not give up any of the principles of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" of the French Revolution of 1789. "Individualism and socialism" (1834)〕 and Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France. In England Robert Owen was also using the term independently around the same time. Owen is considered the father of the cooperative movement.〔Oxford English Dictionary, etymology of socialism〕 The first modern socialists were early 19th century Western European social critics. In this period socialism emerged from a diverse array of doctrines and social experiments associated primarily with British and French thinkers—especially Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc, and Saint-Simon. "Associationism" was a term used by early-19th-century followers of the utopian theories of such thinkers as Robert Owen, Claude Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier to describe their beliefs. These social critics criticized the excesses of poverty and inequality of the Industrial Revolution, and advocated reforms such as the egalitarian distribution of wealth and the transformation of society into small communities in which private property was to be abolished. Outlining principles for the reorganization of society along collectivist lines, Saint-Simon and Owen sought to build socialism on the foundations of planned, utopian communities. According to Sheldon Richman, "()n the 19th and early 20th centuries, 'socialism' did not exclusively mean collective or government ownership of the means or production but was an umbrella term for anyone who believed labor was cheated out of its natural product under historical capitalism."〔Richman, Sheldon, (Libertarian Left ), ''The American Conservative'' (March 2011)〕 According to some accounts, the use of the words "socialism" or "communism" was related to the perceived attitude toward religion in a given culture. In Europe, "communism" was considered to be the more atheistic of the two. In England, however, that sounded too close to communion with Catholic overtones; hence atheists preferred to call themselves socialists. By 1847, according to Frederick Engels, "Socialism" was "respectable" on the continent of Europe, while "Communism" was the opposite; the Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered Socialists, while working class movements which "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" termed themselves "Communists". This latter was "powerful enough" to produce the communism of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.〔Engels, Frederick, ''Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto, p202. Penguin (2002)〕 In the post-revolutionary period right after the French Revolution activists and theorists like François-Noël Babeuf, Filippo Buonarroti, and Auguste Blanqui influenced the early French labour and socialist movements.〔 Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist,〔Palmer, Brian (2010-12-29) (What do anarchists want from us? ), ''Slate.com''〕 and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, ''The Peaceful Revolutionist'', was the first anarchist periodical published,.〔William Bailie, () ''Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist — A Sociological Study'', Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1906, p. 20〕 Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist".〔(Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy" ). Theanarchistlibrary.org (2009-12-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.〕 For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster "It is apparent ... that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews ... William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form.".〔(''Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism'' by Eunice Minette Schuster )〕 There were also currents inspired by dissident Christianity of christian socialism "often in Britain and then usually coming out of left liberal politics and a romantic anti-industrialism"〔 which produced theorists such as Edward Bellamy, Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley.〔"The origins of socialism as a political movement lie in the Industrial Revolution." ("Socialism" in Encyclopedia Britannica Online )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「history of socialism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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